As with any other industry, attorneys are always looking for new ways to attract more business and to develop greater name recognition. In today's age, new technologies allow attorneys to target potential clients and advertise their services in creative and unprecedented ways.
However, attorney advertising is not a matter of "anything goes." Instead, the ethical rules contain limitations on attorney advertising practices, which can at times be confusing in light of the many new advertising methods available to attorneys.
Recently, the ABA approved changes to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct governing attorney advertising that are intended to modernize the rules and are a response to prevailing concerns among attorneys. Certain states have already adopted the new amendments, while many others are in the process of considering whether to adopt some or all of the proposed changes. Accordingly, the amended Model Rules provide an indication of how states may respond to the new and ever-changing methods of attorney advertising.
Policy Considerations
Unlike other sources of bar complaints, the ABA's data indicated that bar complaints regarding an attorney's improper advertising were often coming from other lawyers complaining about their competitors, and not coming from affected clients or potential clients. Those findings suggested that, although the attorney advertising rules are intended to protect the public, it is possible that attorneys were using these rules defensively against other members of the bar.
The ABA further noted that if the rules on advertising are too limiting, it can have a detrimental impact on both attorneys and the general public. Indeed, if attorneys fail to advertise their services because the rules are drawn too narrowly (or because attorneys are concerned about violating those rules), the bar may be depriving the public the ability to find available legal services. If attorneys are unable to reach potential clients, those potential clients could end up going without legal representation that could be of great assistance.
At the same time, undue restrictions on an attorney's ability to advertise her or his legal services could adversely impact that attorney's efforts to find new clients. Particularly for attorneys who are newer to the bar, the inability to advertise for new clients can be critical.
New Rules on Misleading Statements
One core tenet of the rules governing attorney advertising is
the prohibition on any misleading statements. The Model Rules, as
revised, reinforce that attorneys may not make misleading
statements about their firms, including in their letterheads.
In an apparent effort to streamline the rules prohibiting false or
misleading statements, the ABA eliminated certain rules and
consolidated their provisions under a single rule, Rule 7.1. In
particular, Model Rule 7.5 previously governed a law firm's use
of firm names and letterheads, noting that a lawyer could not adopt
a misleading firm name or professional designation. The ABA decided
to eliminate that rule and relegated its contents to a comment to
Rule 7.1.
Comment 5 to Model Rule 7.1 now provides that "Firm names,
letterhead and professional designations are communications
concerning a lawyer's services." The comment goes on to
clarify what could make a firm name "misleading" under
Model Rule 7.1, such as an implied connection with a government
agency, with a lawyer not associated with the firm (or a
predecessor firm), or with a public or charitable legal services
organization.
The ABA thus decided that a separate rule governing firm names was
unnecessary, but instead could be addressed as part of the overall
requirement of attorneys under Model Rule 7.1 not to mislead the
public.
The Definition of "Advertise"
Model Rule 7.2 previously stated that, subject to the requirements on honesty, a "[l]awyer may advertise information regarding the lawyer's services." For some attorneys and firms, the definition of "advertise" became controversial. Questions were raised regarding whether "advertise" included a social media post about a successful outcome for a client, or perhaps an article describing an attorney's experience with a specific legal issue.
The ABA addressed those concerns by amending the word "advertise" to "communicate" in Model Rule 7.2, which now provides that "[a] lawyer may communicate information regarding the lawyer's services through any media." Thus, the Rule avoids the issue of whether a communication qualifies as an advertisement but instead appears to permit any form of communication, subject to the requirement that it not be misleading.
Permitted Solicitation Methods
Because the rule on advertising may not always be intuitive, it is helpful to consult the local rules before acting. Attorney solicitations in particular have been treated differently by jurisdictions, many of which apply something of a "know it when you see it" approach. Many jurisdictions likewise have strict rules regarding when and under what circumstances an attorney may "solicit" a potential client.
To help provide clarity on the issue, the ABA amended Model Rule 7.3(a) to actually define solicitation. The rule now provides that "'[s]olicitation' or 'solicit' denotes a communication initiated by or on behalf of a lawyer or law firm that is directed to a specific person the lawyer knows or reasonably should know needs legal services in a particular matter and that offers to provide, or reasonably can be understood as offering to provide, legal services for that matter."
The revised rules also appear to permit in-person solicitation of sophisticated clients. Indeed, although a lawyer is generally not permitted to solicit professional employment in person, amended Model Rule 7.3 permits such contact directly to lawyers, to those who have a relationship with the lawyer, or to a person "who routinely uses for business purposes the type of legal services offered by the lawyer." Although attorneys still may not use coercion or harassment and may not solicit those who have made it clear they do not want to be solicited, these changes recognize that there is less concern where the client is sophisticated and has the ability to determine whether the contact should continue.
Thus, for attorneys in jurisdictions that adopt the new rules, it will be helpful to review the rules to assess their impact.
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