Depending on the sector in which the target company is engaged, any change of shareholding composition resulting from either a merger or acquisition must be approved or acknowledged by the Indonesian Ministry of Law and Human Rights. The ministry is the department that oversees all limited lia­bility companies, no matter the sector, non-public or public alike.

If a foreign party wishes to acquire shares in an Indonesian company, generally, for most industries, an approval from the Investment Coordinating Board (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal, or BKPM) is required. Other industries, especially if they are heavily regulated, eg, banking, finance, and telecommunications, are under specific government agencies, such as the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, or OJK), Bank Indonesia or the Ministry of Communication and Informatics.

The OJK has supervisory authority for the takeover of public companies and if the public company is listed at the Indone­sia stock exchange (being the only stock exchange in Indo­nesia), the IDX's listing and trading rules will also apply, particularly when there is trading activity due to the M&A activity.

It is possible that multiple regulators will supervise a transac­tion if the target company's status and core business require it. For example, for the acquisition of a public company engaged in the telecommunications sector, both the OJK and the Ministry of Communication and Information Technol­ogy will play a supervisory role. Other government agencies may have regulatory oversight of a particular transaction, depending on the business in which the public company engages. For example, the Ministry of Transportation super­vises the aviation, shipping and land transportation sectors. Regulations issued by these and other industry-specific gov­ernment agencies will impact mergers and acquisitions

Restrictions on Foreign Investments

There are various limitations to foreign direct investment in various sectors in Indonesia, which can be found in the general "negative investment list" issued from time to time by the President or in a specific law or regulation related to a specific sector such as banking, finance, aviation or payment systems, to name a few. Some sectors are completely closed to foreign ownership, but many sectors (eg, manufacturing, IT service and management consultancy) are open for 100% foreign investment.

Antitrust Regulations

Post-merger notification is mandatory for any merger, con­solidation or acquisition of shares between non-affiliated companies that:

  • causes a change in control; and
  • meets the Indonesian assets or sales thresholds.

The qualifying transaction must be reported to the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha, or KPPU) within 30 working days as of the effec­tive date of the relevant merger, consolidation or acquisition.

There are two applicable thresholds to assess whether a transaction is subject to the merger report:

  • the combined value of the companies' assets in Indonesia exceeds IDR2.5 trillion (IDR20 trillion for banks); or
  • the combined turnover in Indonesia exceeds IDR5 tril­lion.

Merger, consolidation or acquisition of shares transactions conducted between affiliated parties are exempt from the mandatory post-merger notification. Parties are considered affiliated if one controls the other (whether directly or indi­rectly) or if the same entity controls them. Mergers, consoli­dations or acquisitions of shares between companies that are controlled by the Government (ie, state-owned enterprises) do not qualify for this exemption.

Labor Law Regulations

The Indonesian Labor Law (Law No 13 of 2003) allows an employee to resign due to a "change of ownership" of the employer entity and receive enhanced separation entitle­ments. Another issue concerning labor entitlements due to a change of ownership is the impact on the purchase and sale transaction. Labor entitlement payments can be costly, especially where there are many long-service employees.

This first appeared in the Chambers Corporate M&A 2019 global guide, published by Chambers and Partners. You can find the full chapter here. 

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.